All Peptides

Browse our complete library of evidence-based peptide dossiers, organized A-Z with evidence grading.

Category:
Evidence:
Type:
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Showing 94 peptides

2
Other

225Ac-DOTA-LM3

Actinium-225-DOTA-LM3, 225Ac-DOTA-JR11, Alpha-PRRT +1 more

An alpha-emitting radiolabeled somatostatin receptor antagonist for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) in neuroendocrine tumors. Unlike conventional beta-emitting Lu-177 therapies and SSTR agonists, 225Ac-DOTA-LM3 combines the higher cell-killing power of alpha particles with antagonist binding for enhanced tumor targeting. Clinical stage investigational therapy showing promise in Lu-177-refractory patients.

#other
5
Metabolic Small Molecule

5-Amino-1MQ

5-Amino-1-Methylquinolinium, NNMT Inhibitor

A small molecule NNMT inhibitor studied for metabolic effects in animal models. No human clinical trials have been conducted. Increases NAD+ levels in adipose tissue in preclinical studies.

#metabolic
A
cognitive Small Molecule

Alixorexton

ALKS 2680, ALKS-2680

An oral orexin receptor 2 (OX2R) agonist developed by Alkermes for narcolepsy type 1 (NT1). Phase 2 clinical trials demonstrated improvements in excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy with once-daily dosing. Represents a novel approach to restore orexin signaling in patients who have lost orexin-producing neurons.

#cognitive
immune

Alpha-Defensins

HNP-1, HNP-2, HNP-3 +5 more

A family of small cationic antimicrobial peptides (29-35 amino acids) that are key components of innate immunity in humans. Produced primarily by neutrophils (HNP-1 to 4) and Paneth cells (HD-5, HD-6), they exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and immunomodulatory functions. Well-characterized biochemically with extensive research, though therapeutic development faces challenges.

#immune
Metabolic

Amycretin

NNC0487-0111, Oral Amycretin, Subcutaneous Amycretin

A novel single-molecule dual GLP-1/amylin receptor agonist developed by Novo Nordisk. Unlike CagriSema (a fixed-dose combination), amycretin is a unified peptide that activates both pathways. Phase 1 trials showed superior weight loss signals versus semaglutide, with both oral and subcutaneous formulations in development.

#metabolic
Metabolic

AOD-9604

Anti-Obesity Drug 9604, Tyr-hGH Fragment 177-191, hGH Fragment 176-191

A modified fragment of human growth hormone (amino acids 176-191 with N-terminal tyrosine) studied for fat loss. Clinical development discontinued after Phase 2b/3 trials failed to show efficacy in 536 subjects. Now prohibited by WADA and excluded from FDA compounding.

#metabolic
B
Repair & Recovery

BPC-157

Body Protection Compound-157, Bepecin, PL 14736 +1 more

A synthetic peptide derived from human gastric juice protein. Preclinical studies suggest tissue repair properties, but human clinical trial data is extremely limited. A 2025 systematic review of 36 studies found only 1 clinical study.

#repair-recovery
Other

Bronchogen

AEDL, Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu, Bronchial tetrapeptide +1 more

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu) developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson for bronchial and respiratory tissue support. Claimed to modulate bronchial epithelium gene expression and provide respiratory protective effects. No Western clinical validation; all evidence from Russian bioregulator research.

#other
Other

BT5528

Bicycle Toxin Conjugate 5528, EphA2-BTC

A first-in-class Bicycle Toxin Conjugate (BTC) targeting EphA2-expressing tumors, developed by Bicycle Therapeutics. Combines a constrained bicyclic peptide targeting moiety with the cytotoxic payload MMAE. Phase 1/2 dose expansion ongoing with 67% ORR reported in EphA2-positive urothelial cancer patients.

#other
C
Metabolic

Cagrilintide

AM833, NN9838, ZP8396

A long-acting amylin analog developed by Novo Nordisk for weight management. Currently in Phase 3 trials as CagriSema (combination with semaglutide). Phase 2 data shows up to 22-25% weight loss when combined with semaglutide, potentially exceeding tirzepatide efficacy.

#metabolic
Metabolic

CagriSema

Cagrilintide-Semaglutide, NNC0174-0833

A fixed-dose combination of cagrilintide (amylin analog) and semaglutide (GLP-1 agonist) for chronic weight management. Phase 3 REDEFINE trials demonstrate 20-23% weight loss at 68 weeks. NDA submitted to FDA December 2025. First GLP-1/amylin combination therapy.

#metabolic
Other

Cardiogen

AED, Ala-Glu-Asp, Cardiac tripeptide

A synthetic tripeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp) developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson for cardiac tissue support. Claimed to target cardiomyocyte gene expression and provide cardioprotective effects. No Western clinical validation exists; evidence limited to Russian preclinical and observational studies.

#other
Repair & Recovery

Cartalax

AED peptide, Ala-Glu-Asp, cartilage bioregulator

A synthetic tripeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp) from Vladimir Khavinson's bioregulator framework, proposed to support cartilage tissue repair and chondrocyte function. All research originates from Russian institutes with no independent Western validation or controlled human clinical trials.

#repair-recovery
cognitive

Cerebrolysin

FPF-1070, N-PEP-12, Renacenz

A porcine brain-derived peptide mixture approved in over 50 countries (Austria, Russia, China, Germany) for stroke, dementia, and traumatic brain injury. Contains neurotrophic peptide fragments mimicking BDNF, GDNF, NGF, and CNTF. NOT FDA-approved despite decades of international use. Mixed Phase 3 results but positive meta-analyses and widespread clinical adoption in Europe, Asia, and Latin America.

#cognitive
cognitive

Cerluten

Brain cytamin, Cerebral peptides, A-5 brain peptides

A cytamin-class peptide supplement derived from brain tissue, part of the Russian bioregulator framework. Marketed as an oral supplement for cognitive support and neuroprotection. Contains peptide complexes rather than defined sequences. No Western clinical validation.

#cognitive
Other

Chonluten

EDG-GI, Glu-Asp-Gly (GI), GI tract tripeptide +1 more

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Gly) developed by Vladimir Khavinson for gastrointestinal tissue support. Shares the same amino acid sequence as Kristagen but is marketed for digestive system rather than immune function. Limited to Russian studies with no Western validation or clinical trials.

#other
Hormonal

CJC-1295

DAC:GRF, Modified GRF 1-29, Tetrasubstituted GRF

A synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) with extended half-life. Limited clinical development; not approved for any indication.

#hormonal
cognitive

Cortexin

Cortexinum, Polypeptide brain extract, Bovine brain cortex polypeptides

A Russian neuropeptide complex derived from porcine or bovine cerebral cortex, approved in Russia and CIS countries for neurological conditions. Contains low molecular weight polypeptides (1,000-10,000 Da) with proposed neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties. NOT approved by FDA, EMA, or other Western regulatory agencies. Evidence comes primarily from Russian studies with limited Western validation.

#cognitive
Metabolic

CT-388

RG-6912

A dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist acquired by Roche through the $2.7 billion Carmot Therapeutics acquisition in 2024. Phase 1b results showed 18.8% placebo-adjusted weight loss at 24 weeks, positioning it as a competitive obesity therapeutic with a mechanism similar to tirzepatide.

#metabolic
D
cognitive

Dihexa

PNB-0408, N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide

An angiotensin IV analog developed by Washington State University researchers, claimed to enhance cognition through HGF/c-Met signaling. Gained attention for extreme potency claims (10 million times more potent than BDNF), but evidence is limited to rodent studies from a single research group with no human clinical trials. Sold as a research chemical with unknown safety profile.

#cognitive
cognitive

DSIP

Delta Sleep Inducing Peptide, Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide, WAGGDASGE

A nonapeptide discovered in 1977 that was initially thought to induce delta wave sleep. Research has shown broader neuromodulatory effects including stress-protection and analgesia, though its role as an endogenous sleep factor remains controversial.

#cognitive
E
Longevity

Endoluten

Pineal cytamin, Pineal gland peptides, A-8 pineal peptides

A cytamin-class peptide supplement derived from pineal gland tissue, part of the Russian bioregulator framework. Marketed as an oral supplement for pineal function and melatonin support. Contains peptide complexes rather than defined sequences. No Western clinical validation.

#longevity
Longevity

Epithalon

Epitalon, Epithalone, AGAG +1 more

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson, claimed to activate telomerase and extend lifespan. 2025 independent Western research confirmed telomerase activation in vitro. Still not approved anywhere; no controlled human clinical trials.

#longevity
Other

EVX-01

EVX01, Evaxion EVX-01, AI-Immunology Neoantigen Vaccine

A personalized neoantigen peptide vaccine developed by Evaxion Biotech using AI-driven neoantigen prediction. Phase 1 data in melanoma showed 67% overall response rate when combined with anti-PD-1 therapy, with neoantigen-specific T-cell responses detected in all patients. Distinct from mRNA-based approaches like mRNA-4157.

#other
F
Hormonal Protein

Follistatin

FST, FS-344, FS-315 +1 more

An endogenous glycoprotein that inhibits myostatin and activin signaling, potentially allowing muscle growth beyond genetic limits. Gene therapy trials for muscular dystrophy show promise, but injectable peptide forms remain unapproved and understudied in humans.

#hormonal
Longevity

FOXO4-DRI

FOXO4-D-Retro-Inverso, FOXO4-DRI Peptide, Proxofim

A D-retro-inverso peptide designed to disrupt the FOXO4-p53 interaction, selectively eliminating senescent cells (senolytic). Preclinical studies in aged mice demonstrated restored fitness, fur density, and renal function. No human clinical trials conducted. More selective than BCL-2 inhibitors but remains unproven in humans.

#longevity
G
Repair & Recovery

GHK

Glycyl-Histidyl-Lysine, GHK tripeptide, Liver cell growth factor

A naturally occurring tripeptide (Gly-His-Lys) with copper-binding affinity and wound healing properties. The base form of GHK without added copper. Endogenous to human plasma where it circulates bound to copper. Declines with age. Most research focuses on the copper-complexed form (GHK-Cu), making evidence for GHK alone limited. Primarily relevant as the precursor to GHK-Cu.

#repair-recovery
Repair & Recovery

GHK-Cu

Copper Peptide GHK, Glycyl-L-Histidyl-L-Lysine:Copper

A naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide with wound healing and skin regeneration properties. Extensively studied globally with moderate-to-high evidence for cosmetic applications.

#repair-recovery
Hormonal

GHRP-2

Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2, Pralmorelin, KP-102

A synthetic hexapeptide GH secretagogue with the strongest GH-releasing potency in its class. More potent than GHRP-6 with different side effect profile: less appetite stimulation but greater cortisol and prolactin elevation. Approved in Japan as Pralmorelin for GH deficiency diagnosis. Extensively studied in human pharmacology with robust clinical data.

#hormonal
Hormonal

GHRP-6

Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-6, SKF-110679, Growth Hormone-Releasing Hexapeptide

A first-generation growth hormone secretagogue that stimulates GH release through the ghrelin receptor. Less selective than newer alternatives with effects on cortisol and prolactin. Historically significant as the peptide that led to ghrelin discovery. Cuban CIGB leads global cytoprotective research. Not approved for any indication.

#hormonal
Longevity

Glutathione

GSH, L-Glutathione, Reduced Glutathione +1 more

The master antioxidant and most abundant intracellular thiol in mammalian cells. This naturally occurring tripeptide (glutamate-cysteine-glycine) is essential for detoxification, immune function, and cellular protection. Extensively studied with strong mechanistic understanding and growing clinical evidence.

#longevity
H
Hormonal

Hexarelin

Examorelin, HEX, Growth Hormone Releasing Hexapeptide +2 more

The most potent synthetic GHRP (Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide), a hexapeptide that strongly stimulates GH release via the ghrelin receptor. Notable for cardioprotective effects independent of GH release. Development discontinued due to rapid desensitization with repeated dosing. Italian research leads global investigation.

#hormonal
Hormonal Glycoprotein

HMG

Human Menopausal Gonadotropin, Menotropins, hMG +4 more

A urinary-derived glycoprotein hormone preparation containing both FSH and LH in approximately 1:1 ratio, FDA-approved for female infertility (ovulation induction, ART) and male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. First used clinically in 1961 by Bruno Lunenfeld, HMG enabled the birth of the first American IVF baby in 1981 and remains a cornerstone of fertility medicine with over 60 years of clinical experience. Highly purified preparations (HP-hMG) demonstrate comparable or slightly superior live birth rates compared to recombinant FSH in IVF.

#hormonal
Hormonal Glycoprotein

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

hCG, Choriogonadotropin, Pregnyl +5 more

A glycoprotein hormone FDA-approved for ovulation induction, cryptorchidism, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Functions as an LH receptor agonist with over 50 years of clinical use in reproductive medicine. Gold standard trigger for assisted reproductive technology.

#hormonal
Longevity

Humanin

HN, HNG, S14G-Humanin +2 more

A 24-amino acid mitochondria-derived peptide (MDP) discovered in 2001 that shows cytoprotective, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective effects in preclinical studies. Represents a novel class of signaling molecules encoded within mitochondrial DNA. Extensive academic research with emerging interest in aging, metabolic disease, and neurodegeneration, but no approved clinical applications.

#longevity
I
Hormonal

IGF-1 LR3

Long R3 IGF-1, LR3-IGF-1, Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Long R3

A modified form of IGF-1 with an extended half-life due to reduced binding protein affinity. Used primarily in research for muscle growth and metabolic effects. Not approved for human use; significant safety concerns exist.

#hormonal
Hormonal

Ipamorelin

NNC 26-0161, NNC-26-0161

A growth hormone secretagogue that stimulates GH release without significant effects on cortisol or prolactin. Developed by Novo Nordisk (Denmark); limited clinical development despite promising early data.

#hormonal
K
Hormonal

Kisspeptin

KISS1, Metastin, Kisspeptin-54 +3 more

An endogenous neuropeptide that serves as the master regulator of reproductive function. Acts upstream of GnRH to control puberty, fertility, and the menstrual cycle. Under clinical investigation as a safer IVF trigger and treatment for hypothalamic amenorrhea. Pioneering research led by Imperial College London.

#hormonal
immune

KPV

Lys-Pro-Val, Lysine-Proline-Valine, alpha-MSH(11-13) +1 more

A naturally occurring tripeptide derived from the C-terminus of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). Preclinical studies demonstrate potent anti-inflammatory effects via NF-kB inhibition, but no human clinical trials have been conducted. Research has focused on inflammatory bowel disease and skin inflammation models.

#immune
immune

Kristagen

EDG, Glu-Asp-Gly, Immune tripeptide

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Gly) developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson, claimed to regulate thymus function and support immune cell differentiation. No Western clinical validation exists; research is limited to Russian preclinical studies.

#immune
L
immune

Lactoferricin

LFcinB, Lactoferricin B, LfcinB +1 more

An antimicrobial peptide derived from lactoferrin, a protein found in milk and other secretions. Shows broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in laboratory studies. Research focuses on potential applications in infectious disease, food safety, and cancer. Primarily studied preclinically with very limited human clinical data. Not approved as a therapeutic by any regulatory agency.

#immune
Metabolic

Liraglutide

Victoza, Saxenda, NN2211

The first long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist, FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes (Victoza, 2010) and chronic weight management (Saxenda, 2014). Pioneered the therapeutic class with proven cardiovascular benefits in the landmark LEADER trial.

#metabolic
Other

Livagen

KED, Lys-Glu-Asp, Hepatogen

A synthetic tripeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp) developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson, claimed to support liver function and modulate hepatic gene expression. Minimal Western validation exists; all research originates from Russian institutions with no controlled human clinical trials.

#other
immune

LL-37

Cathelicidin, hCAP18, Human Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide 18 +3 more

The only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, discovered at Karolinska Institute in Sweden (1995). A 37-amino acid peptide with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and immunomodulatory functions. Extensive mechanistic research supports roles in innate immunity, wound healing, and host defense.

#immune
M
Metabolic

MariTide

AMG 133, maridebart cafraglutide

A bispecific peptide-antibody conjugate combining GLP-1 receptor agonism with GIP receptor antagonism. Unique mechanism opposite to tirzepatide. Phase 2 showed ~20% weight loss at 52 weeks with once-monthly dosing. MARITIME Phase 3 program initiated.

#metabolic
Metabolic

Mazdutide

IBI362, LY3305677, Xinermei

A dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist developed by Innovent/Eli Lilly. NMPA approved in China (2025) for obesity. GLORY-1 trial showed 14.3% weight loss at 48 weeks. DREAMS-3 head-to-head trial demonstrated superiority vs semaglutide for combined diabetes + obesity outcomes.

#metabolic
Other

Melanotan II

MT-II, MT-2

A non-selective melanocortin receptor agonist known for tanning effects. Not approved by any regulatory agency; associated with significant safety concerns including melanoma risk and systemic toxicity.

#other
Other

Melanotan-1

Afamelanotide, Scenesse, NDP-MSH +4 more

An FDA-approved synthetic analog of alpha-MSH that selectively activates MC1R to stimulate eumelanin production. Approved as Scenesse for erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), making it the first and only treatment for this rare photosensitivity disorder.

#other
Hormonal Small Molecule

MK-677

Ibutamoren, Ibutamoren Mesylate, L-163,191 +1 more

An orally-active, non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue that mimics ghrelin's effects on GHS-R1a. While not technically a peptide, it is frequently researched alongside peptides for its sustained IGF-1 elevation. Completed Phase 2 trials for muscle wasting, sleep, and bone density. Not FDA approved; WADA prohibited.

#hormonal
Longevity

MOTS-c

Mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c, Mitochondrial-derived peptide, MOTS-C peptide

A 16-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded in mtDNA that targets AMPK/mTOR pathways for metabolic regulation. Preclinical studies show exercise mimetic and geroprotective effects. Lower MOTS-c levels found in T2D patients. No clinical trials yet conducted in humans.

#longevity
Other mRNA

mRNA-4157/V940

V940, mRNA-4157, INTerpath vaccine

A personalized mRNA cancer vaccine encoding up to 34 patient-specific neoantigens, developed jointly by Moderna and Merck. Designed for use in combination with pembrolizumab (Keytruda) for adjuvant treatment of resected high-risk melanoma and other solid tumors. Phase 2b KEYNOTE-942 demonstrated 44-50% reduction in recurrence or death. FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation granted. Multiple Phase 3 trials (INTerpath) ongoing.

#other
immune

Murepavadin

POL7080, RG7929

A first-in-class cyclic antimicrobial peptide targeting the LptD outer membrane protein of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The first OMPTA (outer membrane protein targeting antibiotic) to reach clinical development. IV formulation discontinued due to nephrotoxicity; inhaled formulation continues Phase 3 development for cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis patients.

#immune
N
cognitive

N-Acetyl Selank Amidate

NA-Selank, N-Acetyl Selank, Acetyl-Selank-Amidate +1 more

A modified version of Selank with N-terminal acetylation and C-terminal amidation designed to enhance stability and bioavailability. While the parent compound Selank is approved in Russia, N-Acetyl Selank Amidate has no independent clinical research and relies entirely on extrapolated claims from Selank studies.

#cognitive
cognitive

N-Acetyl Semax Amidate

NA-Semax, N-Acetyl Semax, Acetyl-Semax-Amidate +1 more

A chemically modified version of Semax with N-terminal acetylation and C-terminal amidation designed to enhance peptide stability. While parent Semax is approved in Russia for nootropic and neuroprotective applications, this specific modification has no independent clinical research.

#cognitive
O
Metabolic Small Molecule

Orforglipron

LY3502970, OWL833

The first oral small-molecule (non-peptide) GLP-1 receptor agonist. NDA submitted to FDA. ATTAIN trials showed 12.4% weight loss at 72 weeks. No food/water restrictions unlike oral semaglutide. Phase 3 data in 9,000+ patients.

#metabolic
Other

Ovagen

EDL, Glu-Asp-Leu, Hepatic tripeptide +1 more

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Leu) developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson for liver support. Part of the peptide bioregulation framework claiming tissue-specific gene regulation. No Western clinical validation exists.

#other
cognitive Small Molecule

Oveporexton

TAK-861

A first-in-class oral orexin receptor 2 (OX2R) selective agonist developed by Takeda for narcolepsy type 1. Though not a peptide itself, oveporexton restores orexin peptide signaling lost due to autoimmune destruction of orexin-producing neurons. Phase 3 trials demonstrate significant reductions in excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy, with FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation.

#cognitive
P
cognitive

P21

Ac-DGGLAG-NH2, P021, CNTF-derived peptide

A hexapeptide (Ac-DGGLAG-NH2) derived from ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) that is claimed to mimic BDNF effects and promote neurogenesis. Developed primarily at the New York State Institute for Basic Research. Limited to preclinical rodent studies with no human clinical trials. Sold as a research chemical with unknown safety profile.

#cognitive
Other

Pancragen

KEDW, Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp, Pancreatic tetrapeptide +1 more

A synthetic tetrapeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp) developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson for pancreatic support. Claimed to modulate pancreatic tissue gene expression and support insulin-producing beta cell function. No Western clinical validation.

#other
Hormonal

Pasireotide

SOM230, Signifor, Signifor LAR

A multi-receptor somatostatin analog FDA-approved for Cushing's disease and acromegaly. Features unique binding profile with 30-40 fold higher affinity for SSTR1 and SSTR5 compared to octreotide, enabling efficacy in patients resistant to first-generation somatostatin analogs.

#hormonal
Metabolic

Pemvidutide

ALT-801, GLP-1/Glucagon Dual Agonist

A dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist developed by Altimmune showing 15.6% weight loss at 48 weeks with unique lean mass preservation (78% fat mass lost). Phase 2b trials completed for obesity (MOMENTUM) and MASH (IMPACT) with 59.1% MASH resolution. FDA Fast Track designation for MASH.

#metabolic
cognitive

Pinealon

EDR, Glu-Asp-Arg, Pinealon peptide +1 more

A synthetic tripeptide (Glu-Asp-Arg) developed by Russian researcher Vladimir Khavinson as a 'peptide bioregulator' claimed to support brain function. Part of a larger Russian research program on short peptides. Evidence comes almost exclusively from Russian publications with no independent Western replication. Not approved by any Western regulatory agency.

#cognitive
Hormonal

Prostatilen

Prostate peptide extract, Samprost, Vitaprost +1 more

A peptide complex extracted from bovine prostate glands, developed in Russia and registered as a pharmaceutical for prostatitis treatment. Available as suppositories and injections in Russia and CIS countries. Has more clinical documentation than most bioregulators but lacks Western validation.

#hormonal
Hormonal

PT-141

Bremelanotide, Vyleesi

An FDA-approved melanocortin receptor agonist for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women. Acts centrally rather than on vascular mechanisms. Phase 3 RECONNECT trials demonstrated efficacy.

#hormonal
R
Metabolic

Retatrutide

LY3437943, GGG Triple Agonist

A triple GIP/GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist in Phase 3 development. First Phase 3 results (TRIUMPH-4) show 28.7% weight loss at 68 weeks, with earlier Phase 2 data showing 24.2% at 48 weeks.

#metabolic
Other

Retinalamin

Retinal peptide complex, Eye peptide, Retina bioregulator

A peptide complex extracted from bovine or porcine retinal tissue, developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson for ophthalmologic applications. Registered as a drug in Russia for retinal dystrophy and age-related macular degeneration. Very limited Western validation exists.

#other
S
cognitive

Selank

TP-7, Selanc, Threonyl-Lysyl-Prolyl-Arginyl-Prolyl-Glycyl-Proline

A synthetic heptapeptide derived from the immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin, developed by Russian researchers and approved in Russia since 2009 for anxiety and neurasthenia. Demonstrates anxiolytic effects comparable to benzodiazepines without sedation, cognitive impairment, or dependence liability. Extensive Russian clinical research supports efficacy, though Western independent replication remains limited.

#cognitive
Metabolic

Semaglutide

Ozempic, Wegovy, Rybelsus +1 more

A GLP-1 receptor agonist FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk reduction, and MASH. Among the most extensively studied peptides with robust Phase 3 data demonstrating significant metabolic, cardiovascular, renal, and hepatic benefits.

#metabolic
cognitive

Semax

ACTH(4-7)PGP, Methionyl-Glutamyl-Histidyl-Phenylalanyl-Prolyl-Glycyl-Proline, MEHFPGP

A synthetic heptapeptide analogue of ACTH(4-7) with a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension, developed by Russian researchers and approved in Russia since ~1997 for stroke, cognitive impairment, and optic nerve disorders. Demonstrates nootropic and neuroprotective effects through BDNF/NGF upregulation, dopaminergic and serotonergic modulation, and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Extensive Russian clinical research supports efficacy, particularly in stroke rehabilitation, though Western independent replication remains limited.

#cognitive
Hormonal

Sermorelin

Geref, GRF 1-29, GHRH(1-29)NH2

A GHRH analog that was FDA-approved for pediatric GH deficiency. Now discontinued commercially but established safety and efficacy profile exists.

#hormonal
Longevity

SHLP-2

Small Humanin-Like Peptide 2, SHLP2, Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide 2

A 26-amino acid mitochondria-derived peptide (MDP) discovered in 2016 from the same mitochondrial DNA region as humanin. Shows cytoprotective, metabolic, and potential longevity effects in preclinical studies. Part of an emerging class of mitochondrial signaling molecules, but human therapeutic data is lacking.

#longevity
Longevity

SHLP-6

Small Humanin-Like Peptide 6, SHLP6, Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide 6

A 22-amino acid mitochondria-derived peptide with the unique property of being pro-apoptotic—the opposite of its sister peptides humanin and SHLP-2. Discovered in 2016, SHLP-6 may have applications in cancer and senescent cell clearance. Research is very early-stage with minimal published data.

#longevity
Repair & Recovery

Sigumir

Cartilage cytamin, Joint peptides, A-6 cartilage peptides

A cytamin-class peptide supplement derived from cartilage tissue, part of the Russian bioregulator framework. Marketed as an oral supplement for joint and cartilage support. Contains peptide complexes rather than defined sequences. No Western clinical validation.

#repair-recovery
Metabolic Small Molecule

SLU-PP-332

ERR agonist 332, Exercise mimetic compound

A small molecule ERR (Estrogen-Related Receptor) agonist developed at Saint Louis University. Preclinical studies suggest exercise-mimetic properties, but no human data exists. Represents early-stage research into pharmacologically activating exercise pathways.

#metabolic
Longevity

SS-31

Elamipretide, Bendavia, MTP-131

A first-in-class mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that binds cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Developed by Stealth BioTherapeutics for mitochondrial diseases, heart failure, and age-related macular degeneration. Phase 3 trials in primary mitochondrial myopathy did not meet primary endpoints, but Barth syndrome data was positive. Strong preclinical rationale with mixed clinical translation.

#longevity
Other

Stamakort

Gastric peptide, Stomach bioregulator, Gastric mucosa peptide

A peptide bioregulator developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson for gastric mucosa support. Claimed to modulate stomach lining gene expression and support digestive function. No Western clinical validation exists.

#other
Other

Sulanemadlin

ALRN-6924, MP-4897

First-in-class stapled alpha-helical peptide and dual MDM2/MDMX inhibitor that reactivates wild-type p53 tumor suppressor function. Phase 1/2 trials demonstrated 59% disease control rate with notably low hematologic toxicity compared to MDM2-only inhibitors. Novel chemoprotection application being developed for retinoblastoma with Advancium Biosciences partnership.

#other
Other

Suprefort

Pancreatic cytamin, Pancreas peptides, A-11 pancreatic peptides

A cytamin-class peptide supplement derived from pancreatic tissue, part of the Russian bioregulator framework. Marketed as an oral supplement for pancreatic support. Contains peptide complexes rather than defined sequences. No Western clinical validation.

#other
Metabolic

Survodutide

BI 456906, BI-456906, ZP6590

A dual GLP-1/glucagon receptor agonist developed by Boehringer Ingelheim/Zealand Pharma, currently in Phase 3 trials for obesity and MASH. Phase 2 data show 18.7% weight loss and 83% MASH resolution, with unique liver-targeting benefits from glucagon receptor agonism.

#metabolic
Other

Svetinorm

Liver cytamin, Hepatic peptides, A-4 liver peptides

A cytamin-class peptide supplement derived from liver tissue, part of the Russian bioregulator framework. Marketed as an oral supplement for liver health support. Contains peptide complexes rather than defined sequences. No Western clinical validation.

#other
T
Repair & Recovery

TB-500

Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment, TB4-FRAG, TMSB4X

A synthetic fragment of thymosin beta-4 marketed for tissue repair. While the parent compound has Phase 3 clinical research (RGN-259), TB-500 specifically has no published human data.

#repair-recovery
Hormonal

Tesamorelin

Egrifta, Egrifta SV, Egrifta WR +1 more

An FDA-approved GHRH analog for reducing visceral fat in HIV-associated lipodystrophy. One of few GH-releasing peptides with regulatory approval and Phase 3 data.

#hormonal
Hormonal

Testagen

Testicular peptide, Gonad peptide, Testis bioregulator

A synthetic tripeptide developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson, claimed to support testicular tissue and modulate Leydig cell function. Proposed to influence testosterone synthesis pathways through bioregulatory mechanisms. Very limited Western validation; NOT a testosterone replacement therapy.

#hormonal
immune

Thymalin

Thymulin, Thymic Factor, Timalin +1 more

A thymic peptide complex developed in Russia and used clinically in the former Soviet Union for immunomodulation. Derived from calf thymus extract, it contains multiple peptides claimed to restore immune function. Approved in Russia since the 1970s but not recognized by Western regulatory agencies. Evidence comes primarily from Russian studies with limited Western replication.

#immune
immune

Thymogen

Glu-Trp, EW dipeptide, Timogen +2 more

A synthetic dipeptide (glutamyl-tryptophan) developed in Russia as a defined successor to thymalin. Approved in Russia for immunomodulation with extensive Russian clinical literature. Represents an attempt to create a standardized, synthetic thymic peptide. Not approved by Western regulatory agencies.

#immune
immune

Thymosin Alpha-1

Ta1, Thymalfasin, Zadaxin +1 more

A 28-amino acid immunomodulatory peptide approved in over 35 countries including China and Italy for hepatitis B/C, cancer adjuvant therapy, and immunodeficiency. Extensive human clinical trial data spanning decades with strong evidence for immune enhancement.

#immune
immune

Thymulin

FTS, Facteur Thymique Serique, Serum Thymic Factor +1 more

A zinc-dependent nonapeptide hormone produced by thymic epithelial cells, discovered in 1977. Requires zinc binding for biological activity and plays a role in T-cell differentiation and immune regulation. While well-characterized biochemically, therapeutic development has been limited compared to other thymic peptides like thymosin alpha-1.

#immune
Metabolic

Tirzepatide

LY3298176, Mounjaro, Zepbound

A dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist approved globally for type 2 diabetes (Mounjaro), weight management (Zepbound), and obstructive sleep apnea. Extensive clinical trial data from 30+ countries demonstrates significant effects on glycemic control, body weight, and cardiovascular outcomes.

#metabolic
V
Other

Ventfort

Vascular cytamin, Blood vessel peptides, A-14 vascular peptides

A cytamin-class peptide supplement derived from blood vessel tissue, part of the Russian bioregulator framework. Marketed as an oral supplement for vascular health support. Contains peptide complexes rather than defined sequences. No Western clinical validation.

#other
Other

Vesugen

KED-vascular, Lys-Glu-Asp (vascular), Vascular tripeptide

A synthetic tripeptide (Lys-Glu-Asp) developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson, claimed to support vascular health by modulating endothelial gene expression. Russian studies suggest cardiovascular protective effects. No Western clinical validation or regulatory approval anywhere.

#other
immune

Vilon

KE, Lys-Glu, Dilysine +1 more

A synthetic dipeptide (Lys-Glu) developed by Russian scientist Vladimir Khavinson as part of the peptide bioregulation framework. Claimed to support thymus gland function and immune modulation. No Western clinical validation exists; all research originates from Russian institutes.

#immune
Metabolic

VK2735

Viking 2735

A dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist from Viking Therapeutics with both subcutaneous and oral formulations. Phase 2 VENTURE trial showed 14.7% weight loss at 13 weeks (SC) and 12.2% (oral). Phase 3 VANQUISH-1 enrollment completed with 4,650 patients.

#metabolic
immune

Vladonix

Thymus cytamin, Thymic peptide supplement, A-19 thymus peptides

A cytamin-class peptide supplement derived from thymus tissue, part of the Russian bioregulator framework. Marketed as an oral supplement for immune support. Contains peptide complexes rather than defined sequences. No Western clinical validation.

#immune
Z
Other

Zelenectide Pevedotin

BT8009, Bicycle Drug Conjugate BT8009

A first-in-class Bicycle Drug Conjugate (BDC) targeting Nectin-4 for solid tumors, developed by Bicycle Therapeutics. Demonstrates 45% overall response rate in metastatic urothelial cancer with a novel bicyclic peptide platform approximately 40x smaller than traditional antibody-drug conjugates. Phase 2/3 Duravelo-2 registrational trial ongoing.

#other