GHK
Research OnlyA naturally occurring tripeptide (Gly-His-Lys) with copper-binding affinity and wound healing properties. The base form of GHK without added copper. Endogenous to human plasma where it circulates bound to copper. Declines with age. Most research focuses on the copper-complexed form (GHK-Cu), making evidence for GHK alone limited. Primarily relevant as the precursor to GHK-Cu.
Glycyl-Histidyl-Lysine · GHK tripeptide · Liver cell growth factor
3 human studies
- Preclinical
- 56%
- Human research
- 17%
Based on 18 cited sources
Numeric assessment unreviewed
A historical numeric score is recorded but has not passed a current, compound-specific assessment review. No numeric score is displayed.
This is a limitation of the numeric assessment, not a measured absence of benefit. It does not re-review the separately recorded catalogue classification or establish efficacy or safety.
The proposed mechanisms of GHK are based primarily on studies of its copper complex (GHK-Cu). Human mechanistic data for GHK alone is very limited.
How It Works (Simplified)
GHK is a natural “signal molecule” released from damaged tissue. Its primary function is to bind copper and deliver it to repair processes:
Binds copper with extremely high affinity (Kd ~10^-16 M), delivering it to copper-dependent enzymes essential for tissue repair.
Up- and downregulates 4,000+ genes involved in DNA repair, antioxidant defense, and tissue remodeling pathways.
Stimulates fibroblasts to produce collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans for extracellular matrix repair.
Inhibits iron release from ferritin in damaged tissues, reducing lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage.
Key Research: Pickart L, Margolina A (2018) comprehensive review of gene expression effects. PMID:29986520
Important Limitations
- GHK alone has minimal biological activity without copper
- Nearly all functional studies use GHK-Cu (the copper complex)
- The natural form in the body is GHK bound to copper
- Translation of GHK effects independent of copper is unconfirmed
- For practical applications, GHK-Cu is the relevant form
GHK rapidly binds copper with extremely high affinity (Kd ~10^-16 M). In vivo, GHK circulates bound to copper and is released from extracellular matrix during tissue injury.
PMID:29986520Topical GHK-Cu cosmetic use has been reported to improve skin density and reduce fine lines over weeks of application. Wound healing effects in animal models observed over days to weeks of treatment.
PMID:26236730Long-term effects of GHK (without copper) supplementation are not characterized. Endogenous GHK levels decline with age (200 ng/mL at age 20 to 80 ng/mL at age 60). Implications of supplementing GHK alone are unknown.
Research-based observations
This timeline reflects observations from published clinical and preclinical studies. Individual responses may vary significantly. This is not a guarantee of effects or a dosing schedule. Consult qualified healthcare providers for personalized guidance.
BPC-157
CompatibleDifferent regenerative mechanisms - GHK for copper delivery and collagen synthesis, BPC-157 for angiogenesis and tissue healing.
TB-500
CompatibleDifferent tissue repair targets - GHK affects gene expression and copper enzymes, TB-500 regulates actin for cell migration.
LL-37
CompatibleGHK's wound healing effects may complement LL-37's antimicrobial properties in wound care applications.
Epithalon
CompatibleDifferent anti-aging mechanisms - GHK for gene expression modulation and tissue repair, epithalon for telomerase activation.
GHK-Cu
AvoidGHK is the base peptide that complexes with copper to form GHK-Cu. Using both is redundant - GHK-Cu is the biologically active form.
Research Note: Interaction data is based on published literature, mechanistic understanding, and theoretical considerations. Most peptide combinations lack direct clinical study. This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult qualified healthcare providers.
Key Studies Cited
Use the source links in the research discussion above to inspect the referenced records.
This dossier synthesizes available evidence from peer-reviewed literature, regulatory documents, and clinical trial registries. Evidence strength labels summarize the cited material for this entry and should be read alongside its population, model, and study limitations.
For complete methodology details, see our Methodology page.
Important Disclaimer
This dossier is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before making health decisions.
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Compared With
2 comparisonsConditions Studied
3 entries- GHK for Wound Healing GHK's wound healing effects are primarily attributed to its copper-complexed form (GHK-Cu). Studies show enhanced collagen synthes…
- GHK for Skin Aging Research on GHK for skin aging primarily involves GHK-Cu formulations. Studies show improved skin density, thickness, and reduced…
- GHK for Gene Expression Modulation GHK-Cu modulates expression of over 4,000 human genes affecting DNA repair, antioxidant response, and tissue remodeling. This broa…