Glutathione
FDA ApprovedThe master antioxidant and most abundant intracellular thiol in mammalian cells. This naturally occurring tripeptide (glutamate-cysteine-glycine) is essential for detoxification, immune function, and cellular protection. Extensively studied with strong mechanistic understanding and growing clinical evidence.
GSH · L-Glutathione · Reduced Glutathione · Gamma-Glutamylcysteinylglycine
20 human studies
- Preclinical
- 43%
- Human research
- 57%
Based on 35 cited sources
Numeric assessment unreviewed
A historical numeric score is recorded but has not passed a current, compound-specific assessment review. No numeric score is displayed.
This is a limitation of the numeric assessment, not a measured absence of benefit. It does not re-review the separately recorded catalogue classification or establish efficacy or safety.
Glutathione is the most abundant intracellular antioxidant in mammalian cells, with well-characterized biochemistry supported by decades of research.
How It Works (Simplified)
Glutathione functions as a “master antioxidant” through several interconnected pathways:
Donates electrons to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), preventing DNA, protein, and lipid damage before it occurs.
Conjugates to drugs and environmental toxins via glutathione S-transferases, making them water-soluble for excretion.
Regenerates vitamin C and vitamin E back to their active forms after they neutralize free radicals, amplifying antioxidant capacity.
Maintains T cell and NK cell function. Adequate intracellular GSH is required for lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxic activity.
Key Research: Richie JP et al. (2015) demonstrated that 6-month oral GSH supplementation increased body stores by 30-35%. PMID:24791752
Important Limitations
- Oral bioavailability historically debated; newer forms (liposomal, sublingual) show improved absorption
- GSH levels decline 10-15% per decade after age 20, accelerating in chronic disease
- Plasma half-life is short (~15-30 minutes); intracellular turnover varies by tissue
- Some clinical trials show inconsistent results depending on delivery method and population studied
Reported positives
- Improved skin brightness and complexion widely reported
- General detoxification and wellbeing benefits cited
- Well-tolerated across IV, oral, and topical forms
- Widely available in wellness clinics
Reported negatives
- Oral bioavailability very poor without liposomal form
- IV administration required for reliable systemic effects
- Skin lightening effects may be unwanted
- Effects temporary requiring ongoing supplementation
“Popular in wellness and beauty communities. IV glutathione widely offered in med spas and wellness clinics.”
Self-reported, unverified accounts — not clinical evidence and no substitute for the cited research. Anecdotes are prone to selection bias and placebo effects.
| NCT ID | Title | Peptide | Phase | Status | Completion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT01962376 | Glutathione in Cystic Fibrosis | Glutathione | Phase 2 | Completed | - |
| NCT00185562 | IV Glutathione in Parkinson's Disease | Glutathione | Phase 2 | Completed | - |
| NCT02324426 | Liposomal Glutathione in HIV | Glutathione | Phase 1/2 | Completed | - |
Initial increases in plasma GSH levels may be observed. Liposomal forms show measurable increases in whole blood GSH within 1-2 weeks. Immune cell function improvements noted in some studies.
PMID:28853742Continued accumulation of GSH in tissues. Clinical studies show significant increases in body stores by 4 weeks with consistent supplementation. Skin appearance improvements may begin.
PMID:28490897Optimal benefits typically observed with sustained supplementation. Studies show 30-35% increases in body stores by 3-6 months. Liver function improvements noted in NAFLD studies at 4 months.
PMID:24791752Long-term supplementation maintains elevated GSH levels. Benefits appear to be sustained with continued use. Discontinuation may result in gradual return to baseline levels.
Research-based observations
This timeline reflects observations from published clinical and preclinical studies. Individual responses may vary significantly. This is not a guarantee of effects or a dosing schedule. Consult qualified healthcare providers for personalized guidance.
N-Acetylcysteine
SynergisticNAC is the primary precursor for GSH synthesis. Combining exogenous GSH with NAC may support both direct antioxidant activity and endogenous GSH production through complementary pathways.
Alpha-Lipoic-Acid
SynergisticAlpha-lipoic acid regenerates GSH and supports the GSH/GSSG redox cycle. Both compounds participate in antioxidant network recycling and may have complementary benefits.
Vitamin-C
SynergisticGSH regenerates oxidized vitamin C (dehydroascorbate) back to active ascorbate. This antioxidant recycling relationship suggests complementary benefits when combined.
BPC-157
CompatibleNon-overlapping mechanisms. GSH provides systemic antioxidant support while BPC-157 targets tissue repair pathways. No known contraindications.
Acetaminophen
CautionAcetaminophen depletes hepatic GSH stores during metabolism. High-dose acetaminophen use may increase GSH requirements; monitor liver function.
Research Note: Interaction data is based on published literature, mechanistic understanding, and theoretical considerations. Most peptide combinations lack direct clinical study. This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult qualified healthcare providers.
Key Studies Cited
Use the source links in the research discussion above to inspect the referenced records.
This dossier synthesizes available evidence from peer-reviewed literature, regulatory documents, and clinical trial registries. Evidence strength labels summarize the cited material for this entry and should be read alongside its population, model, and study limitations.
For complete methodology details, see our Methodology page.
Important Disclaimer
This dossier is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider before making health decisions.
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Compared With
1 comparisonConditions Studied
3 entries- Glutathione for Oxidative Stress GSH is the primary intracellular antioxidant with extensive research demonstrating its role in neutralizing reactive oxygen specie…
- Glutathione for Liver Health GSH plays a critical role in hepatic Phase II detoxification. Clinical studies in NAFLD patients have shown improvements in liver…
- Glutathione for Skin Health Multiple randomized controlled trials have examined GSH's effects on skin pigmentation and appearance. Research demonstrates tyros…